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NEP 2020’s 3-Language Formula: Controversy & Exam Relevance

The three-language policy, a decades-old framework for Indian education, is back in the spotlight as states clash with the Centre over its implementation. For exam aspirants, this isn’t just a political issue—it’s a potential GK goldmine for SSC, PSC, and design entrance tests.

Understanding the Three-Language Formula
Born from the Kothari Commission (1964–66), the policy mandates that students learn three languages in school:
Two must be Indian languages (with no imposition on states).
English often serves as the third language, especially in non-Hindi states.

How States Implement It Differently:
Hindi-speaking states (e.g., UP, Bihar): Hindi + English + Sanskrit/Urdu.
Non-Hindi states (e.g., Tamil Nadu, Karnataka): Regional language + English (often skipping Hindi).
Private schools: May replace the third language with French/German.
Despite its goal of national integration, the policy faces pushback over cultural identity and federal autonomy.

Why Is This Important for Exams?
GK Sections: Questions on education policies (NEP 2020, Kothari Commission) are common in SSC, PSC, and even design entrances like NID/NIFT.
Essay Topics: Debates on “Hindi vs. Regional Languages” or “Federalism in Education” appear in UPSC and state PSCs.
Current Affairs: Funding disputes (e.g., Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan) tie into polity and governance topics.

Sample Q&A for Exam Prep
Q: Which commission recommended India’s three-language policy?
A: Kothari Commission (1964–66).
Q: Which state has consistently rejected Hindi under the three-language formula?
A: Tamil Nadu (follows Tamil + English).
Q: Which constitutional article mandates primary education in the mother tongue?
A: Article 350A.
Q: How does NEP 2020 modify the three-language policy?
A: Promotes flexibility but faces state resistance.
Q: Which central scheme funds the three-language policy implementation?
A: Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA).