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Why is Maternal Death Still a Critical Issue in India? Key Insights & Solutions

Maternal death, defined by the WHO as the death of a woman during pregnancy or within 42 days of delivery, remains a critical health challenge in India. While the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) has improved, disparities persist across states. Understanding the causes, government interventions, and Kerala’s success can help aspirants preparing for competitive exams like UPSC, SSC, and PSC.

Maternal Mortality in India: Key Facts
What is Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)?
MMR measures annual maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.
India’s MMR has declined from 103 (2017-19) to 93 (2019-21), yet regional gaps remain.

State-Wise MMR Trends
EAG States (High MMR):
Madhya Pradesh (175), Assam (167), Uttar Pradesh (151) lead in highest MMR.
Bihar, Rajasthan, and Chhattisgarh range between 100-151.
Southern States (Low MMR):
Kerala (20), Tamil Nadu (49), Karnataka (63) show significant progress.
Other States:
Maharashtra (38), Gujarat (53), West Bengal (109).

Top Medical Causes of Maternal Deaths
Postpartum Hemorrhage: Excessive bleeding after delivery.
Obstructed Labor: Worsened by anemia and malnutrition.
Hypertensive Disorders: High BP leading to seizures (eclampsia).
Sepsis: Infections from unhygienic deliveries.
Unsafe Abortions: Due to lack of medical access.
Associated Illnesses: Malaria, TB, and UTIs increase risks.

Government Initiatives to Reduce MMR
Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY): Promotes institutional deliveries.
PMMVY: Financial aid for pregnant women.
PMSMA: Free antenatal check-ups on the 9th of each month.
ASHA/ANM Workers: Boost awareness and institutional deliveries.
108 Ambulance Service: Ensures emergency transport.

Kerala’s Model: A Success Story
Pioneered by Dr. V.P. Paily, Kerala’s MMR is just 20.
Key Strategies:
Advanced uterine artery clamp techniques.
Managing amniotic fluid embolism & hepatic failure.
Addressing antenatal depression to prevent suicides.

Sample Q&A for Competitive Exams
Q1. What is India’s current MMR as per 2019-21 data?
A: 93 per 100,000 live births.
Q2. Which Indian state has the lowest MMR?
A: Kerala (20).
Q3. Name one leading cause of maternal death in India.
A: Postpartum hemorrhage (excessive bleeding after delivery).
Q4. What does PMSMA provide?
A: Free antenatal check-ups on the 9th of every month.
Q5. How does Kerala’s model reduce MMR?
A: Through advanced obstetric techniques and mental health support.